文/鄭淑文
不吃維他命,好像身體會失去健康;想吃維他命,卻傳有人過量食用,導致身體負擔。到底何時該補充維他命呢?
維他命是食物中含有的一種營養素,是調節代謝和參與體內化學反應的催化劑,能維持身體所有的生理活動。人體需要13種維他命,即維他命A、C、D、E、K及維他命B1、B2、菸鹼酸(有人稱為B3) 、泛酸(維生素B5)、B6、生物素、葉酸及B12。這些維他命可分為水溶性及脂溶性兩大類,大部分的維他命不能由我們自身產生,需要從食物中攝取。
一般說來,最容易缺乏水溶性的維他命,因為它不易貯存且容易流失,主要是易受到高壓、高溫、酸、鹼、光線、菸、酒等因素的破壞,同時容易隨流汗、排尿等途徑而嚴重流失。
一般人只要飲食正常、均衡、不偏食,那麼體內所需的維他命大致上就不會缺乏,也不需再額外補充。但對於三餐飲食不均衡,食慾不佳或偏食,生活作息不正常,或體力消耗大的運動員等,則需額外補充維他命,以維護健康。
服用含維他命等保健食品,應參考行政院衛生署所公布的「國人每日營養素建議攝取量」,才能適量的攝取維他命,間接對身體產生助益,也不會發生過量的後遺症,但如果超過每日最高容許量時,即會對身體有害。如維他命A的每日最高容許量為一萬IU(國際單位),若經常攝取超過一萬IU的維他命A時,則可能傷肝,如為孕婦,其生下的胎兒可能會有身體上的缺陷。使用過量的水溶性維他命,會隨尿液排出,達不到補充的效果,反而是一種浪費。
均衡飲食是維他命最主要及最好的來源,保健食品是次要的選擇,且絕對無法取代食物。千萬不要以為服用大量的維他命,就能擁有健康的身體,維他命過量與缺乏,都會造成身體不適,嚴重時,甚至會致命。
(作者為行政院衛生署桃園療養院藥師)
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